Vehicle Propulsion Systems:Technical and Regulatory Analysis

The global transportation sector is undergoing a significant transformation, driven by rapid technological developments, increasingly stringent environmental regulation, and growing awareness of the impact of transport on climate and society. The automotive industry is transitioning from fossil fuel–based internal combustion engines to a broad range of propulsion solutions, including hybrid, electric, and hydrogen-based systems. This document provides an up-to-date overview of the main propulsion technologies shaping the global automotive market, highlighting their key characteristics, advantages, limitations, and adoption trends. Its aim is to support informed dialogue at the intersection of technology and policy, and to contribute to the development of smart and sustainable mobility.